Tobias greitemeyer biography sample

The present research provides the first evidence that personal relative deprivation has long-lasting effects on reported aggression. By employing a longitudinal design, we could show that personal relative deprivation leads to increased aggression over time. Importantly, by controlling for initial levels of aggression, a host of alternative explanations can be ruled out e.

Taken all these studies together, the picture is quite clear that being at a disadvantage and perceiving this predicament to be unfair increases aggressive action. Notably, the present study is the first that documents that these effects do not fade within a short period of time but can be observed even 6 months later. Future research may address the psychological mechanisms of how precisely personal relative deprivation instigates aggressive action over time.

One likely candidate are hostile emotional reactions. According to the theory of relative deprivation Smith et al. These hostile feelings then evoke aggressive action. It is thus conceivable that personal relative deprivation is only a distal determinant of aggressive behavior, whereas hostile feelings are the proximal determinants. It should be noted, however, that the experience of personal deprivation cannot only lead to hostile emotional reactions, but also to fear for examplewhich then evokes different behavioral outcomes i.

Future research may also explore the role of stable personality characteristics e. Please also note that we assessed a general tendency to feel deprived relative to others, rather than the evaluation of one initial event e. Given that this tendency is relatively stable, we can only speculate about how exactly feelings of deprivation cause aggression some months later.

Tobias greitemeyer biography sample

As postulated by social comparison theory Festinger,individuals often compare themselves to others in their daily life to learn where they stand. Some of these interpersonal comparisons involve other persons that stand considerably higher in a social hierarchy. If the disadvantage is perceived to be unjust, the experience of personal relative deprivation follows.

The accumulation of these deprivation experiences then leads to the general feeling that other persons are better off, which in turn appears to increase aggressive inclinations. It may thus be the accumulation of unfavorable comparisons that lead to increased feelings of anger and resentment, which eventually evoke aggressive behavior in individuals.

It is also noteworthy that individuals cannot only experience personal relative deprivation but also group-based deprivation when a social group to which they belong is deprived. Whereas personal relative deprivation should be associated with interpersonal aggression, group-based deprivation should be associated with intergroup hostility Smith et al.

In the present research, we focused on the consequences of personal relative deprivation, but we acknowledge that the impact of group-based deprivation on aggression over time also warrants empirical research. This is important insofar as the model of relative deprivation Smith et al. Other relative deprivation theorists e. Future research should examine more closely who is most likely the target of aggression that is elicited by personal deprivation experiences.

Importantly, personal deprivation does certainly not always lead to aggression. Both subjective and objective SES were negatively associated with the experience of relative deprivation. Moreover, the relationship between objective SES and reported aggression was very small. These findings are in contrast to previous research that has consistently shown that both objective and subjective SES are associated with different measures of aggression e.

It should be noted that the present study employed a self-report measure of aggression, whereas many of the previous studies employed behavioral measures of aggression although not all of them. Given that most individuals are prone to positive self-evaluations, participants may have underestimated the degree to which they behaved aggressively.

In fact, the overall mean of our aggression scale was very low see Table 1. Interestingly, Callan et al. Future work may further explore to what extent personal relative deprivation and subjective SES function as mutual suppressors in their prediction of prosocial and antisocial behavior. A secondary goal of our study was to examine whether the impact of personal relative deprivation i.

In fact, we found that participants who perceived their friends as being personally deprived reported to be more aggressive. Because the deprived person becomes more aggressive, others also become more aggressive. Nevertheless, future research that employs sociocentric network data where information about the friends is provided by the friends themselves is needed before one can come to the tobias greitemeyer biography sample that aggression due to the experience of personal relative deprivation spreads through social networks.

As in previous research that employed egocentric networking analyses e. Future research would thus benefit from exploring the relationship between participants and their tobiases greitemeyer biography sample in more detail. Having better off close friends may increase unfavorable social comparisons and thus feelings of deprivation and hostile emotional reactions, which could be further reinforced if these close friends are perceived as similar others see Smith et al.

A final limitation involves our use of cross-lagged regression analyses to test our hypotheses. However, alternative methods typically need more than two waves of data to meaningfully disaggregate individual-level change from between-person change cf. As noted in the introduction, the experience of personal relative deprivation has important negative intrapersonal consequences e.

Moreover, it has negative interpersonal effects, in that aggressive behavior is increased. As the present study shows, these effects can occur on a long-term basis. Any policy changes that decrease the experience of disadvantage, which could be as diverse as reducing inequality or increasing social mobility, would thus benefit not only the people that are at the bottom of the social hierarchy, but their social environment would benefit as well.

His research interests include media effects and pro- and antisocial behavior. Christina SagioglouPhD, is a postdoctoral researcher in social psychology at the University of Innsbruck in Austria. Her research focuses on the effects of social status and social mobility on social perception, attitudes, and behavior. This research was supported by grant P from the Austrian Science Fund.

The authors are grateful to Christian Seubert for his statistical advice. No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. This article has been republished with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article. Front Psychol, 29 Nov Psychol Res Behav Manag, 30 Oct J Youth Adolesc53 1207 Jun Cited by: 0 articles PMID: Cogn Process24 422 Jun Healthcare Basel11 415 Feb To arrive at the top five similar articles we use a word-weighted algorithm to compare words from the Title and Abstract of each citation.

Greitemeyer TSagioglou C. J Soc Psychol631 Jan Cited by: 22 articles PMID: Greitemeyer T. Aggress Behav45 613 Aug Br J Soc Psychol58 330 Oct Treffen Einzelne oder Gruppen die besseren Entscheidungen? Wie wirkt Dampfablassen auf aggressive Impulse? Die sozialpsychologische Forschung hat viele Antworten auf diese und andere Fragestellungen gefunden.

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