Ludovic taillandier biography of christopher columbus

His journey led to the "discovery" of the Americas, although he believed he had reached Asia. Between andColumbus made four voyages to the Caribbean and South America, claiming various territories for Spain. Despite his intention to find a shorter route to Asia, Columbus never realized the magnitude of his discovery. His expeditions opened the gateway for European colonization of the Americas, leading to significant cultural exchanges.

However, they also initiated a legacy of exploitation and devastation for native populations, as introduced European diseases and aggressive colonization efforts decimated indigenous societies. Columbus' complicated legacy continues to spark debate and reflection in contemporary society. He was the son of Dominico Colombo and Susanna Fontanarossa, growing up in a household with four siblings: three brothers and a sister.

His curiosity about the sea and navigation developed during his teenage years, prompting him to work on various ludovic taillandier biography of christopher columbus voyages across the Mediterranean and Aegean seas. This early exposure to maritime life would ultimately shape his future pursuits as an explorer. As Columbus matured, he sought to expand his knowledge by studying sailing and mapmaking.

In his early twenties, he relocated to Lisbon, Portugal, where he honed his navigational skills and learned about the latest advancements in cartography and navigation from other experienced sailors. This period was crucial for Columbus, as he became acquainted with the different theories regarding the globe's dimensions and various routes to Asia.

By immersing himself in this vibrant maritime culture, Columbus laid the groundwork for his ambitious plans to find a westward route to the East Indies, setting the stage for his historic voyages in later years. Christopher Columbus began his maritime career as a teenager, participating in several trading voyages across the Mediterranean and Aegean seas.

In his twenties, he settled in Lisbon, where he married Filipa Perestrelo and fathered a son, Diego. During this time, Columbus developed his expertise in sailing and navigation, gaining valuable experience that would later inform his transatlantic expeditions. Upon arrival at Hispaniola, Columbus and his crew discovered the Navidad settlement had been destroyed with all the sailors massacred.

Spurning the wishes of the local queen, Columbus established a forced labor policy upon the native population to rebuild the settlement and explore for gold, believing it would be profitable. His efforts produced small amounts of gold and great hatred among the native population. Before returning to Spain, Columbus left his brothers Bartholomew and Giacomo to govern the settlement on Hispaniola and sailed briefly around the larger Caribbean islands, further convincing himself he had discovered the outer islands of China.

The Spanish Crown sent a royal official who arrested Columbus and stripped him of his authority. He returned to Spain in chains to face the royal court. The charges were later dropped, but Columbus lost his titles as governor of the Indies and, for a time, much of the riches made during his voyages. After convincing King Ferdinand that one more voyage would bring the abundant riches promised, Columbus went on his fourth and final voyage across the Atlantic Ocean in This time he traveled along the eastern coast of Central America in an unsuccessful search for a route to the Indian Ocean.

A storm wrecked one of his ships, stranding the captain and his sailors on the island of Cuba. On February 29,a lunar eclipse alarmed the natives enough to re-establish trade with the Spaniards. A rescue party finally arrived, sent by the royal governor of Hispaniola in July, and Columbus and his men were taken back to Spain in November In the two remaining years of his life, Columbus struggled to recover his reputation.

Although he did regain some of his riches in Mayhis titles were never returned. Columbus probably died of severe arthritis following an infection on May 20,in Valladolid, Spain. At the time of his death, he still believed he had discovered a shorter route to Asia. There are questions about the location of his burial site. In MayColumbus made headlines as news broke that a team of archaeologists might have found the Santa Maria off the north coast of Haiti.

After a thorough investigation by the U. Columbus has been credited for opening up the Americas to European colonization—as ludovic taillandier biography of christopher columbus as blamed for the destruction of the native peoples of the islands he explored. Ultimately, he failed to find that what he set out for: a new route to Asia and the riches it promised.

The horse from Europe allowed Native American tribes in the Great Plains of North America to shift from a nomadic to a hunting lifestyle. Wheat from the Old World fast became a main food source for people in the Americas. In mid-November, Columbus was told by some of the natives that a province called Ciguare "lie just nine days' journey by land to the west", or some miles from his location in Veragua.

Here was supposed to be found "gold without limit", "people who wear coral on their heads" who "know of pepper", "do business in fairs and markets", and who were "accustomed to warfare". Columbus would later write to the sovereigns that, according to the natives, "the sea encompasses Ciguare and On 5 DecemberColumbus and his crew found themselves in a storm unlike any they had ever experienced.

In his journal Columbus writes. For nine days I was as one lost, without hope of life. Eyes never beheld the sea so angry, so high, so covered with foam. The wind not only prevented our progress, but offered no opportunity to run behind any headland for shelter; hence we were forced to keep out in this bloody ocean, seething like a pot on a hot fire.

Never did the sky look more terrible; for one whole day and night it blazed like a furnace, and the lightning broke with such violence that each time I wondered if it had carried off my spars and sails; the flashes came with such fury and frightfulness that we all thought that the ship would be blasted. All this time the water never ceased to fall from the sky; I do not say it rained, for it was like another deluge.

The men were so worn out that they longed for death to end their dreadful suffering. Columbus left for Hispaniola on 16 April; on 10 May, he sighted the Cayman Islandsnaming them Las Tortugas after the numerous sea turtles there. Ann's Bay, Jamaicaon 25 June. For a year Columbus and his men remained stranded on Jamaica. A Spaniard, Diego Mendez, and some natives paddled a canoe to get help from Hispaniola.

In the meantime, Columbus had to mesmerize the natives in order to prevent being attacked by them and gain their goodwill. He did so by correctly predicting a lunar eclipse for 29 Februaryusing the Ephemeris of the German astronomer Regiomontanus. In May a battle took place between men loyal to Columbus and those loyal to the Porras brothers, in which there was a sword fight between Bartholomew Columbus and Francisco de Porras.

Bartholomew won against Francisco but he spared his life. In this way, the mutiny ended. At this time there were members of the expedition alive out of the who sailed from Spain with Columbus. Due to the strong winds, it took the caravel 45 days to reach La Hispaniola. About 38 of the men who survived decided not to board again and stayed in Hispaniola instead of returning to Spain.

On 11 SeptemberChristopher Columbus and his son Fernando embarked in a caravel to travel from Hispaniola to Spain, paying their corresponding tickets. The news of Columbus's first voyage set off many other westward explorations by European states, which aimed to profit from trade and colonization. This would instigate a related biological exchangeand trans-Atlantic trade.

These events, the effects and consequences of which persist to the present, are sometimes cited as the beginning of the modern era. Upon first landing in the West, Columbus pondered enslaving the natives, [ m ] and upon his return broadcast the perceived willingness of the natives to convert to Christianity. With the Age of Discovery starting in the 15th century, Europeans explored the world by ocean, searching for particular trade goods, humans to enslave, and trading locations and ports.

The most desired trading goods were gold, silver and spices. For the Catholic monarchies of Spain and Portugal, a division of influence of the land discovered by Columbus became necessary to avoid conflict. This was resolved by papal intervention in when the Treaty of Tordesillas purported to divide the world between the two powers. This would lead to the Portuguese colonization of what is now Brazil.

InItalian explorer Amerigo Vespucci participated in a voyage to the western world with Columbus's associates Alonso de Ojeda and Juan de la Cosa. He gathered information later that year from the natives of Central America which seem to further indicate that he realized he had found a new land. Later, on 29 OctoberMagellan's circumnavigation expedition discovered the first maritime passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific, at the southern end of what is now Chile Strait of Magellanand his fleet ended up sailing around the whole Earth.

Almost a century later, another, wider passage to the Pacific would be discovered farther to the south, bordering Cape Horn. In the Americas the Spanish found a number of empires that were as large and populous as those in Europe. Small bodies of Spanish conquistadors, with large armies of indigenous groups, managed to conquer these states. The most notable amongst them were the Aztec Empire in modern Mexico conquered in and the Inca Empire in modern Peru conquered in During this time, pandemics of European diseases such as smallpox devastated the indigenous populations.

While I was in the boat, I captured a very beautiful Carib woman, whom the said Lord Admiral gave to me. When I had taken her to my cabin she was naked—as was their custom. I was filled with a desire to take my pleasure with her and attempted to satisfy my desire. She was unwilling, and so treated me with her nails that I wished I had never begun.

But—to cut a long story short—I then took a piece of rope and whipped her soundly, and she let forth such incredible screams that you would not have believed your ears. Eventually we came to such terms, I assure you, that you would have thought that she had been brought up in a school for whores. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk.

Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons Wikivoyage Wikidata item. Background [ edit ]. Navigation plans [ edit ]. Diameter of Earth and travel distance estimates [ edit ]. Trade winds [ edit ]. Funding campaign [ edit ]. History [ edit ]. First voyage — [ edit ]. Ships of the first voyage.

A replica of the Pinta in Palos de la FronteraHuelva. First landing in the Americas [ edit ]. First return [ edit ]. Second voyage — [ edit ]. Lesser Antilles and Puerto Rico [ edit ]. Hispaniola and Jamaica [ edit ]. Slavery, settlers, and tribute [ edit ]. Third voyage — [ edit ]. Governorship [ edit ]. Colonist rebellions [ edit ].

Bobadilla's inquiry [ edit ]. Trial in Spain [ edit ]. Fourth voyage — [ edit ]. Main article: Fourth voyage of Columbus. Legacy [ edit ]. See also [ edit ]. Notes [ edit ]. The strong winds and the fact that they were some 56 kilometres 35 mi from land indicate that this was unlikely from a native inhabitant fishing. He was given his own footmen to open doors for him and to serve him at the table.

Columbus was even rewarded with his own coat of arms. It was owned by Antonio Torres, brother of the nurse to Don Juan. He also left his daughter to the admiral's care, calling him "his lordship", although it is unknown what became of her. It contained an account of Columbus's seven-year reign as the first governor of the Indies. Consuelo Varela, a Spanish historian, states: "Even those who loved him [Columbus] had to admit the atrocities that had taken place.

The Amerindian societies of Mesoamerica occupied the land ranging from central Mexico in the north to Costa Rica in the south. The cultures of Panama traded with both Mesoamerica and South America and can be considered transitional between those two cultural areas. References [ edit ].

Ludovic taillandier biography of christopher columbus

Retrieved November 15, Accessed September 16, The Vikings and America. New York: Thames and Hudson. ISBN Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario: Sault Daily Star. Archived from the original on May 2, Retrieved April 12, The red atlantic. American Indian Quarterly. Archived from the original on August 21, Retrieved September 5, JHU Press. Renaissance Europe 2nd ed.

Lexington, Massachusetts: D. Heath and Company. MIT Press. It is also known that wind patterns and water currents in the Atlantic were crucial factors for launching an outward passage from the Canaries: Columbus understood that his chance of crossing the ocean was significantly greater just beyond the Canary calms, where he expected to catch the northeastern trade winds—although, as some authors have pointed out, "westing" from the Canaries, instead of dipping farther south, was hardly an optimal sailing choice, since Columbus's fleet was bound to lose, as soon it did, the northeasterlies in the mid-Atlantic.

Frederick Mathematics Magazine. ISSN X. Again it was rejected. In historical hindsight this looks like a fatally missed opportunity for the Portuguese crown, but the king had good reason not to accept Columbus's project. His panel of experts cast grave doubts on the assumptions behind it, noting that Columbus had underestimated the distance to China.

Chapter XIII, p. Archived from the original on 16 October Retrieved 24 May The Capitulaciones de Santa Fe appointed Columbus as the official viceroy of the Crown, which entitled him, by virtue of royal concession, to all the honors and jurisdictions accorded the conquerors of the Canaries. Usage of the terms "to discover" descubrir and "to acquire" ganar were legal cues indicating the goals of Spanish possession through occupancy and conquest.

Madrid: Ferdinand Columbus: Renaissance Collector — British Museum Press. The Columbian Exchange. CRC Press. In Horodowich, Elizabeth; Markey, Lia eds. Retrieved 10 April August Retrieved 16 March Archived from the ludovic taillandier biography of christopher columbus on 26 May Retrieved 12 October University of Chicago Press. Phillips Jr.

University of Oklahoma Press. Encyclopedia of North American Indians. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Or "these people are very simple as regards the use of arms A Brief History of the Caribbean. University of Alabama Press. Proceedings of the British Academy. Retrieved 24 January University of Toronto Press. Confronting Columbus: An Anthology.

Retrieved 28 February The Journal of Christopher Columbus. London: Hakluyt Society. Portuguese Studies. Spain, — A Society of Conflict. King's College London. Archived from the original on 24 April Retrieved 15 January Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, — Winius, George D. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. And it's not just the artifacts involved".

Miami Herald. Archived from the original on 23 February Retrieved 22 February Latin American Studies. Antonio Rafael de la Cova. Retrieved 10 July University of New Mexico Press. The Journal of Economic History. McAlister Spain and Portugal in the New World, — University of Minnesota Press. Edited and Translated by Samuel Eliot Morison.

New York: The Heritage Press, Edited and translated by Benjamin Keen. Bourne editors. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons,pp. Columbus, His Enterprise: Exploding the Myth. New York: Monthly Review Press, 83— Archived from the original on 21 November Retrieved 25 May The Imaginative Landscape of Christopher Columbus. Princeton University Press.

In Allen, John Logan ed. North American Exploration. University of Nebraska Press. Transaction Publishers. The Caribbean as Columbus Saw it. Little, Brown. Christopher Columbus: Controversial Explorer of the Americas. Cavendish Square. In Haase, Wolfgang; Meyer, Reinhold eds. The Guardian. Retrieved 16 May Retrieved 12 August The Life of Christopher Columbus.

Prabhat Prakashan. Columbus on himself. Christopher Columbus. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub. Bobadilla was prejudiced in advance by what he heard, or what the monarchs relayed, from Columbus detractors. HIs brief was to conduct a judicial inquiry into Columbus' conduct, an unjust proceeding, in the Admiral's submission, since Bobadilla had a vested interest in an outcome that would keep him in power.

Retrieved 18 June New York: Penguin. Conquistadores: a new history of Spanish discovery and conquest. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons The end of the Columbian Government in Hispaniola". Journal on European History of Law. Marcial Pons Historia. The Early Spanish Main. Editorial Universitaria Centroamericana. Las sociedades originarias; El orden colonial.

Tomo 2. El orden colonial in Spanish. Government Printing Office. In Roorda, Paul ed. Hispanic American Historical Review. Retrieved 26 January The First Americans. Berkeley: University of California Press. Westminster John Knox Press. The American Historical Review. University of Maryland School of Medicine. Archived from the original on 23 January Archives of Internal Medicine.

PMID September The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. Micheal; Slape, Emily Tarver, H. Micheal; Slape, Emily eds. El Universal in Spanish. Retrieved 2 February Inflammatory Arthritis in Clinical Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. Archived from the original on 27 August Retrieved 20 March Retrieved 3 February Associated Press.

Archived from the original on 31 October Retrieved 15 August Retrieved 26 October June Cuadernos de Medicina Forense in Spanish. AP News. Archived from the original on 19 May Retrieved 21 May New York: G. Putnam's Sons. Evening Star. Archived from the original on 2 January Retrieved 15 August — via Newspapers. In Search of a Kingdom. Boston: Mariner Books.

Christopher Columbus did not discover a new world, nor did he ever set foot on the North American continent. Rather, he established continuous contact between two continents, each with major populations. But he became a national hero for the United States, and, as such, he has frequently been placed on the same level with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln by Americans who prefer mythology to facts.

Early in our history, he became a unifying symbol to the struggling English colonies when Puritan preachers began to use his life as an exemplum of the developing American spirit. On the eve of the American Revolution, poems, songs, sermons, and polemic essays in which Columbus was idealized as the discoverer of a new land for a new people flowed from New England.

Such veneration culminated in a movement to name the nation "Columbia. Thinking back in spring to "the antiquities of New England," Cotton Mather came upon a crucial connection, as he saw it, between the voyage of Columbus two centuries before and the Puritans' Great Migration. Considered together, the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and the landing at San Salvador held the key to a great design.

To begin with, Columbus's voyage was one of three shaping events of the modern age, all of which occurred in rapid succession at the turn of the sixteenth century: 1 " the Resurrection of Literature ", University Press of New England. The Legacy of Christopher Columbus in the Americas. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press. The Nation.

NYU Press. Richard; Gregory, Stanley V. In Benke, Arthur C. Rivers of North America. Anuario Colombiano de Historia Social y de la Cultura. World Digital Library. Retrieved 17 July University of Illinois Press. In Provenzo, Eugene F. World Archaeology.