Jaivantabai biography of alberta

Texts Video icon An illustration of two cells of a film strip. Video Audio icon An illustration of an audio speaker. Audio Software icon An illustration of a 3. Software Images icon An illustration of two photographs. Images Donate icon An illustration of a heart shape Donate Ellipses icon An illustration of text ellipses. Donate icon An illustration of a heart shape "Donate to the archive" User icon An illustration of a person's head and chest.

Sign up Log in. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikidata item. Early life [ edit ]. Marriage to Udai Singh [ edit ]. Maharani of Mewar [ edit ].

Jaivantabai biography of alberta

Software Images icon An illustration of two photographs. Images Donate icon An illustration of a heart shape Donate Ellipses icon An illustration of text ellipses. Donate icon An illustration of a heart shape "Donate to the archive" User icon An illustration of a person's head and chest. Sign up Log in. Search icon An illustration of a magnifying glass.

Metropolitan Museum Cleveland Museum of Art. Used to efficiently load grain into railroad cars, grain elevators came to be clustered in "lines" and their ownership tended to concentrate in the hands of increasingly fewer companies, many controlled by Americans. The main commercial entities involved in the trade were the Canadian Pacific Railway and the powerful grain syndicates.

Many newcomers were unfamiliar with the dry farming techniques need to handle a wheat crop, so The Canadian Pacific Railway CPR set up a demonstration farm at Strathmorein It sold irrigable land and advised settlers in the best farming and irrigation methods. Recklessness, greed, and overoptimism played a part in the earlyth-century financial crisis on the Canadian wheat frontier.

Beginning inthe Palliser Trianglea semiarid region in Alberta and Saskatchewan, suffered a decade of dry years and crop failures that culminated in financial ruin for many of the region's wheat farmers. Overconfidence on the part of farmers, financiers, the Canadian Pacific Railway, and the Canadian government led to land investments and development in the Palliser on an unprecedented and dangerous scale.

A large share of this expansion was funded by mortgage and loan companies in Britain eager to make overseas investments. British money managers were driven by a complex set of global economic forces including a decline in British investment opportunities, excess capital, and massive investment expansion on the Canadian frontier. Reduced grain production in Europe and increased grain production in the prairie provinces also encouraged the export of capital from London.

The mythical image of the Palliser as an abundant region, coupled with a growing confidence in technology, created a false sense of security and stability. Between and British firms lent vast sums to Canadian farmers to plant their wheat crops; only when the drought began in did it become clear that far too much credit had been extended.

The term "mixed farming" better applies to southern Alberta agricultural practices during — than does "ranching". Quickly practices were modified. Hay was planted and cut in summer to provide winter cattle feed; fences were built and repaired to contain winter herds; and dairy cows and barnyard animals were maintained for personal consumption and secondarily for market.

Mixed farming was clearly predominant in southern Alberta by Captain Charles Augustus Lyndon and his wife, Margaret, established one of the first ranches in Alberta in Lyndon homesteaded a site in the Porcupine Hills west of Fort Macleod. They primarily raised cattle but also raised horses for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police for additional income.

Lyndon's herds suffered with others' herds during the hard winter of — He developed an irrigation system and a post office as the district grew during the s. Although Lyndon died inhis family maintained his enterprises until when the ranch was sold. Elofson shows that free-range cattle ranching was much the same in Montana, Southern Alberta, and Southern Saskatchewan.

Four of those ranches, the Cochrane, the Oxley, the Walrond, and the Bar U, demonstrate the complex hierarchies that separated cowboys from cooks and foremen from managers. Ethnic, educational, and age differences further complicated the elaborate social fabric of the corporate ranches. The resulting division of labour and hierarchy permitted Alberta's ranches to function without the direct involvement of investors and owners, most of whom lived in eastern Canada and Britain.

The survival of Alberta's cattle industry was seriously in doubt for most of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. At two points during this time, — and —20, the industry enjoyed great prosperity. The latter boom began when the United States enacted the Underwood Tariff ofallowing Canadian cattle free entry. Exporting Alberta cattle to Chicago markets proved highly profitable for the highest quality livestock.

Bymost stocker and feeder cattle from the Winnipeg stockyards were exported to the United States, harming Canada's domestic beef market. Several factors, including the severe winter of —20, the end of inflated wartime prices for jaivantabai biography of alberta, and the reinstitution of the US tariff on Canadian cattle, all contributed to the collapse of the Alberta cattle market.

The boom ultimately worked against Alberta's economic interests because the high prices during that period made it unfeasible to establish local cattle finishing practices. Some ranchers became important entrepreneurs. A rancher and brewer with secondary interests in gas, electricity, and oil, Calgary entrepreneur Alfred Ernest Cross — was a significant agent of modernization in Alberta and the Canadian West.

As with others, his name symbolizes a driving force of enterprise, the pursuit of profit, family-centred capitalism, use of Canada's and Britain's capital markets, and economic progression through reinvestment of earnings. His personal family management developed a family estate that remains significant in Alberta's economy. Cross is remembered principally for his jaivantabai biography of alberta breeding advances and his dynamism and scientific approach to brewing.

Gender roles were sharply defined. Men were primarily responsible for breaking the land; planting and harvesting; building the house; buying, operating and repairing machinery; and handling finances. At first there were many single men on the prairie, or husbands whose wives were still back east, but they had a hard time. They realized the need for a wife.

As the population increased rapidly, wives played a central role in settlement of the prairie region. Their labour, skills, and ability to adapt to the harsh environment proved decisive in meeting the challenges. They prepared bannockbeans and bacon, mended clothes, raised children, cleaned, tended the garden, helped at harvest time and nursed everyone back to health.

While prevailing patriarchal attitudes, legislation, and economic principles obscured women's contributions, the flexibility exhibited by farm women in performing productive and nonproductive labour was critical to the survival of family farms, and thus to the success of the wheat economy. Although Moodie paid higher wages and operated the mine more safely and efficiently than other coal mines in the province, the Rosedale experienced work slowdowns and strikes.

Because Moodie owned the mine and provided services for the camp, Bolshevik sympathizers considered him an oppressor of the labourers and a bourgeois industrialist. The radicalism at the mine diminished as Moodie replaced the immigrant miners with Canadian military veterans ready to appreciate the safe work environment offered there. In the larger cities the Alberta chapter of the Canadian Red Cross provided relief services to the community during the hard years of the s and s.

It also successfully lobbied the government to take a more active and responsible role in looking after the people during difficult times. An example is Bow Citywhich seemed promising because of its coal deposits and good grazing land. Lumber merchants combined to form Bow Centre Collieries Ltd. Bad luck, in the form of drought at the time of the First World War I ruined the ambitions.

Most business operations were family affairs, with relatively few large-scale operations apart from the railways. Its history provides a prototype to show how a small-scale private banking house became an important force in early southwestern Alberta finance. Both brothers were astute businessmen, community leaders, and had absolute confidence in each other — so much so that in Nathaniel returned to Lindsay later Simcoe and became a grain merchant.

The banking business expanded, with branches being opened and advertising and the lending of money jaivantabai biography of alberta widespread. The role of family enterprise in private banking during the late 19th and early 20th centuries was pivotal in providing an important channel for the flow of credit into southwestern Alberta and facilitated the emergence of the modern economy.

After a dramatic economic boom during the First World War, a sharp, short depression hit Alberta in — Conditions were typical in the town of Red Deera railroad and trading centre midway between Calgary and Edmonton that depended on farmers. Hardship during the early s was as severe, or even somewhat worse, than those experienced during the much longer Great Depression of the s.

The groundwork for the economic collapse had been laid as early aswhen the speculative boom that had fuelled Alberta's prosperity had collapsed. But the outbreak of the First World War in initiated an enormous demand for agricultural products and helped to mask the serious weaknesses of the provincial economy. With the conclusion of the war, however, unemployment skyrocketed as veterans returned and inflation increased.

Grain prices began to fall incausing further hardships. The city's economic situation began to improve inand Red Deer city officials were finally able to collect enough tax revenues to avoid the need for short-term bank loans. Up to the s prostitution in Alberta was tolerated and not considered serious. But as the itinerant population became more settled this attitude gradually changed.

The years — witnessed few arrests and even fewer fines for prostitution, in part because those caught were encouraged to leave town rather than be jailed. Later, —14, a smallpox epidemic in the red-light district started a crackdown against prostitution, which by then was regarded as a major problem, especially by middle-class women reformers.

The Woman's Christian Temperance Union vigorously opposed both saloons and prostitution, and called for woman suffrage as a tool to end those evils. The Calgary Current Events Club, started in by seven women, rapidly gained popularity with professional women of the city. In the group changed its name to the Calgary Business and Professional Women's Club BPW in response to a call for a national federation of such groups.

Members travelled to London, England, in to make the case for recognizing women as full legal citizens. In the s the group addressed many of the controversial political issues of the day, including the introduction of a minimum wage, fair unemployment insurance legislation, the compulsory medical examination of school children, and the requirement of a medical certificate for marriage.

The national convention of the BPW was held in Calgary in At first most of the members were secretaries and office workers; more recently it has been dominated by executives and professions. The organization continues to attend to women's economic and social issues. Motion pictures have been an important aspect of urban culture since The places where people have watched films, from the nickelodeon to the multiplex, have changed in ways that reflect changes in the society generally.

The cinema in Edmonton reflected the changing urban landscape. Because the movie houses themselves are part of the entertainment product, the cinema industry follows a cycle of construction, renovation, and demolition. The industry's face is constantly changing in an effort to draw people inside; Edmonton's cinemas have moved with the retail industry from the downtown core to the suburban shopping malls, and are now experimenting with new formats similar to retailers' big boxes.

Just as Edmonton is known for massive amounts of retail space, it also has one of the highest numbers of movie screens in Canada in proportion to its population. Cinemas are thus a revealing aspect of trends in urban development. Throughout the province popular sports included skiing, and skating for everyone, and hunting and fishing for men and boys.

Competitive sports emerged in urban areas, especially hockey. It provided an arena for the civic rivalries such as those between the cities of Edmonton and neighbouring Strathcona during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Edmonton, on the north bank of the Saskatchewan River, and Strathcona, on the south bank of the river, developed separately — economically, politically, and socially — because travel and communication across the river were limited.

They merged in In addition to affording an outlet for civic rivalries, the games between the Edmonton Thistle and Strathcona Shamrock hockey clubs united individuals from different social classes and diverse cultural backgrounds in support of their team. Skiing began in Banff in the s and received its main impetus with the winter carnival in In the next decades the carnival became popular; ski jumping and cross-country races led to much publicity.

ByBanff had become one of Canada's leading skiing centres, and was heavily promoted as a vacation destination by the Canadian Pacific railway. Alberta has played the central role in Canada's petroleum industry —both from the discovery and development of conventional oil and natural gasand through the development of the world's foremost bitumen deposits in the province's vast northern oil sands.

The province became one of the world's foremost producers of crude oil and natural gas, generating billions of revenue for the province and igniting a bitter feud with the national government. The first oil field in western Canada was Turner Valley, south of Calgary, where large supplies were discovered at a depth of about 3, feet m. Calgary became the oil capital, with a reputation for swashbuckling entrepreneurship.

Turner Valley was for a time the largest oil and gas producer in the British Empire. Three distinct phases of discovery marked the field's history and involved such Albertans as William Stewart Herron and A. Inthe province enacted the Oil and Gas Wells Act to reduce the heavy waste of natural gas. Inthe Alberta Petroleum and Natural Gas Conservation Board was successfully established and enacted jaivantabai biography of alberta and prorating measures.

The goal was to maximize the long-term yield, as well as to protect small producers. In an even bigger field opened at Leduc20 miles 32 km south of Edmonton, and in oil mining began at Redwater. Both these fields were overshadowed in importance in with the discovery of the Pembina field west of Edmonton. Other fields were discovered east of Grande Prairie and in central Alberta.

From collection and distribution points near Edmonton the oil is sent by pipeline to refineries, some as distant as Sarnia, Toronto and Montreal to the east, Vancouver to the west, and especially the U. IPL became Enbridge Pipelines in and now has employees; it moves 2 million barrels a day over 13, miles 21, km of pipe. Before the s, the major producers were controlled by U.

Exploration for oil led to the discovery of large reserves of natural gas. The most important gas fields are at Pincher Creek in the southeast, at Medicine Hat, and in the northwest. TransCanada pipelinecompleted incarries some of the gas eastward to Ontario and Quebec; other pipelines run to California. An early pioneer in the discovery and use of natural gas was Georg Naumann.

The " oil sands " or "tar sands" in the Athabasca River valley to the north of Fort McMurray contain an enormous amount of oil, one of the world's richest deposits—second only to Saudi Arabia. The first plant for extracting oil from the tar sands was completed inand a second plant was completed in In the plants produced about million barrels of oil.

Expansion was rapid, with very high paid workers flown in from eastern Canada, especially the depressed Maritimes and Newfoundland. In bitumen production averaged 1. The processing of bitumen, however, releases large amounts of carbon dioxide, which has alarmed environmentalists worried about global warming and Canada's carbon footprint. In the s Great Canadian Oil Sandsa small, indigenous Canadian firm, relied on new technology and heavy capital investment to pioneer oil sand extraction in the Athabascan region.

Unfavourable leasing terms from the provincial government and the strong financial risk inherent in the project forced the firm to seek an investment partner. The large American oil company Sun Oil Company took the risk, but as the investment burden on Sun increased, the company became compelled to assume both financial and managerial control of the operation.

Thus, the native Canadian firm had to yield its autonomy as the price of pursuing a pioneering but complicated industrial project. In Sun sold its interest to Suncor Energybased in Calgary. Suncor is second to Syncrude in the oil sands, but Syncrude is controlled by a consortium of international oil companies. The province's oil and natural gas furnish raw materials for large industrial complexes at Edmonton and Calgary, as well as for smaller ones at Lethbridge and Medicine Hat.

These complexes include oil and gas refineries and plants that use refinery by-products to make plastics, chemicals, and fertilizer. The oil and gas industry provides a market for firms supplying pipes, drills, and other equipment. Large amounts of sulfur are extracted from natural gas in plants near the gas fields. Helium is extracted from the gas in a plant near Edson, west of Edmonton.

Social Credit often called Socred was a populist political movement strongest in Alberta and neighboring British Columbias—s. Social Credit was based on the economic theories of an Englishman, C. His theories, at first brought to public attention in Alberta by UFA and Labour MPs in the early s, became very popular across the nation in the early s.

A central proposal was the free distribution of prosperity certificates or social creditcalled "funny money" by the opposition. During the Great Depression in Canada the demand for radical action peaked aroundafter the worst period was over and the economy was recovering. Mortgage debt was a social issue because many farmers could not make their payments and were threatened with foreclosure by banks.

Although the UFA government passed legislation protecting farm families from losing the home-quarter, many farm families lived in poverty and faced the loss of the land base needed for viable profitable farms. Their insecurity was a potent factor in creating a mood of political desperation. The farmers' government, the UFA, was baffled by the depression and Albertans demanded new leadership.

Prairie farmers had always believed that they were being exploited by Toronto and Montreal. What they lacked was a prophet who would lead them to the promised land, one who promised, despite the UFA's misgivings, to push aside the existing economic and constitutional barriers to the fight for Social Credit.